hmSm\¸Ån þ tPmÀPv F. Be¸m«v

Ad_n¡Sensâ BenwK\taÁv ]pfIwsImÅp¶ \mSmWv hmSm\¸Ån. ChnSs¯ BfpIÄ F¶pw AeameIfpsS BchwtI«pd§pIbpw DWcpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

"]d¦namhn³ ]gpXn¦eqsS Im¬aq
]Ýnamw_c¯nse ]\n\oÀ ]qt´m«§Ä'

F¶v kÔymImis¯ t\m¡n Ihn¡v ]mSm³ {]tNmZ\acpfnb {]tZiamWv aW¸pdw, Cu aW¸pd¯nsâ {][m\ hym]mctI{µambn AXnthKw hfÀ¶ph¶ hmSm\¸Ån \S Ct¸mÄ Hcp sIm¨p ]«W¯nsâ {]XoXn DfhmIp¶p. Bk¶`mhnbn XrÈqÀ tImÀ¸tdjsâ `mKamIm³ Im¯ncn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. 

tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI XeØm\amb XrÈqÀ \Kc¯nÂ\n¶v 18 Io. aoÁÀ ]Snªmdv hmSm\¸Ån {Kmaw ØnXnsN¿p¶p. ]Snªmdv Ad_n¡SÂ, Ing¡v aWeqÀ ]©mb¯ns\ thÀXncn¡p¶ It\men I\mÂ, sX¡pw hS¡pw Xfn¡pfw, G§­nbqÀ ]©mb¯pIfpw AXncpIfmWv. 

hmSm\¸Ån ]©mb¯v Øm]nXambXv 1962 P\phcn H¶n\mWv, F¶m {]YasXcsªSp¸v \S¶Xv 1963 Unkw_À amk¯nembncp¶p. 9þ12þ1963 {]Ya`cWkanXn \nehnÂh¶p. BZys¯ {]knUâv ]n. BÀ. Ipamc\pw sshkv {]knUâv F. sI. apl½Zpambncp¶p. Bcw`¯n Ggv hmÀUpIfpw H¼Xv {]Xn\n[nIfpap­mbncp¶p. 1973þ F«maXv Hcp hmÀUv IqSn cq]w sIm­p. 1972þ1973 km¼¯nI hÀj¯n sk¡âv t{KUmbpw ]n¶oSv ^Ìv t{KUmbpw kvs]j t{KUmbpw XoÀ¶p.

1979þ \S¶sXcsªSp¸n ]¯v {]Xn\n[nIfp­mbn. {]knU­mbn sF. hn. cma\mYs\ sXcsªSp¯p. 1988se sXcsªSp¸nepw cma\mY³ Xs¶ {]knU­mbn. 1995 sk]vXw_À 20\v \S¶ {Kma ]©mb¯v sXcsªSp¸n ]Xns\m¶v {]Xn\n[nIfpÅ `cWkan {]knU­mbn ]n. hn. cho{µ³ amÌÀ sXcsªSp¡s¸«p. aq¶p L«§fnepw `cWw CSXp]£¯nsâ ssI]nSnbnembncp¶p. 25.9.2000 se sXcsªSp¸n `qcn]£w t\SnbXv sFIy P\m[n]Xy ap¶WnbmWv. 14 AwK§fpÅ `cWkanXn {]knU­mbn, tIm¬{Kkv AwKamb {ioaXn kpss_Z apl½±v 5.10.2000þ Øm\taÁp.

]gbapJw
]©mctXmÁnSp¶ ]qgn¡p¶pIÄ, ]qgn]q­ CShgnIÄ, ]mgvsNSnIÄ \ndª s]m´¡mSpIÄ, Ahbn Ipdp\cn, Iocn, Im«ptImgn, apbÂ, ac¸«n, ]m¼v, DSp¼v XpS§nb PohnIÄ ^ekar²hpw ^eiq\yhpamb tIchr£§Ä, Iipamhn³tXm¸pIÄ, Iqc¸pcIÄ, Icn§m«thenIÄ, IpSnshÅw kw`cn¡p¶Xpw AÃm¯Xpamb Ipf§Ä, Ahbv¡pNpÁpw ssIXImSpIÄ, kÀ¸¡mhpIÄ, s\ÂhbepIÄ, cma¨hpw \mS³ IqÀ¡bpw sImf¼psImÅnbpw a[pcIng§pw aÁpw IrjnsN¿p¶ Ip¶n³XS§Ä, D§pw, Ihp§pw, amhpw, apcn§bpw, sImS¸pfnbpw, tIm¸pfnbpw, Icnth¸pw, Nµ\hpw, ho«nbpw hfcp¶ hf¸pIÄ, sXmgnenÃmbvabpw Zmcn{Zyhpw th«bmSpt¼mÄ CS¡nsS AI¼Sn tkhn¨ncp¶Xv tImfdbpw càXnkmchpw CXmbncp¶p ]gbaW¸pd¯nsâ Nn{Xw. AXnsâ ]cntÑZambncp¶p; hmSm\¸Ån {Kmaw.

atlmZb]pcw
c­mwtNc km{amPysa¶dnbs¸Sp¶ AJÞ tIcf¯nÂ, IpetiJc·msc¶v hnJymXcmb tNc cmPm¡·mcpsS Hcp ]c¼c Xncph©n¡pfw AYhm atlmZb]pcw XeØm\am¡n F.Un. 800 apX 1102 hsc \mSpghmWncp¶p. ap¼v apÊncokv F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ þ sImSp§ÃqÀ apX tNÁph AgoapJw hsc hym]n¨p InS¶ncp¶ XpdapJ ]«Wamb atlmZb]pc¯nsâ `mKambncp¶p: IbÁpaX  tI{µ§fnsem¶mbncp¶ "amSmbn' F¶ hmSm\¸Ån.

s_u²kt¦Xw
AtimIN{IhÀ¯nbpsS `cWImeamb _n. kn. aq¶mwiXI¯n Xs¶ _p²aXw tIcf¯n {]Ncn¨ncp¶p. ]n¡me¯p­mb {_mÒW{]Xm]t¯mSpIqSn -_p²aXw £bn¡m\nSbmbn. _p²aX¯n \n¶pw \ÃsX¶v tXm¶nb ]eXpw lnµpaXw DÄs¡m­p. tIcf¯n {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶ hmkvXphnZybpw BbpÀtÆZ NnInÕm k{¼Zmbhpw aÁpw _u²aXmhinã§fmsW¶mWv ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv. XrÈqÀ hS¡p¶mYt£{Xw, sImSp§ÃqÀ `KhXnt£{Xw, i_cnae A¿¸t£{Xw apXembh sslµhoIcn¡s¸« _p²aX kt¦X§fmWv.

]men`mj
{io_p²³ XtXzm]tZiw sNbvXncp¶Xv kwkvIrX¯nsâ A]{`wiamb ]men`mjbnemWv. _p²hnlmc§sf ]men`mjbn ]ÅnIÄ F¶mWv ]dªncp¶Xv. apÉowþss{IkvXh tZhmeb§Ä¡pw Nne{]tZi§fpsS t]cnt\mSv tNÀ¶pw "]Ån' F¶ kwÚ h¶p `hn¨Xv, A¶s¯ _p²aX _Ô¯n \n¶mbncn¡mw.

]Ån`KhXn
hmSm\¸Ån Ings¡ Sn¸p kp¯m³ tdmUn C¶s¯ t]meokv tÌj\pap¶n hnhn[ hyànIfpsS ssIhiapÅXpw "]Ån¡fw' F¶ t]cnednbs¸«ncp¶Xpamb GXm\pw ]d¼pIÄ ]­v Ime¯v Hcp t£{Xkt¦Xambncp¶p. Cu ]d¼pIfn a®n\Snbn \n¶pw ]et¸mgmbn tZh·mcptSbpw arK§fptSbpw aÁpw a¬{]XnaIÄ, hnimeamb inemJÞ§ÄapXembh I­pIn«nbn«p­v. AXv Cu teJIsâ {i²bnÂs¸«ncp¶XmWv. ]¸S \nÀ½mW¯n\mhiyamb kma{KnIÄ Nne inemkma{KnIÄ sIm¦nWn hÀK¡mcpsS km¶n²yhpw shfnhm¡p¶p.

ChnsS NpÁ¼e¯n\I¯p­mbncp¶Xmbn ]dbs¸«ncp¶ Hcp IÂInWdpw, "am{X¡pfw' F¶ t]cnednbs¸«ncp¶ A¼e¡pfhpw \ntÈjw a®n«v \nI¯nsb¦nepw 1975 \v ap¼v Cu teJI³ t\cn«v I­n«pÅXmWv.

\mSnsâ \maw
Cu sslµht£{X¯nse {]XnjvTsb "]Ån`KhXn' F¶mWv ]ga¡mÀ ]dªph¶ncp¶Xv. "]Ån' F¶ ]Z¯nsâ {]tXyIX ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ BZyIme¯v CsXmcp _p²t£{Xanbncn¡m\mWv km²yX. hmSm\¸Ån {Kma¯n\v Cu t]cv kn²n¨Xv {]kvXpX t£{X\ma¯n \n¶mbncn¡msa¶p IcpXmw. F¶m asÁmcp \nKa\hpw t]cnsâ Imcy¯nep­v. hmSm\¸ÅnbÃ, hmSm\¸nÅnbmWv icnsb¶v hmZn¡p¶hcp­v.

P·nXdhm«pImcmb sNdpfn A¿·mcmWv ]pcmX\amb Cu `KhXn t£{X¯nsâ AhIminIfmbncp¶Xv. 1783 \v tijw Sn¸phnsâ ]Stbm«¡me¯mWv t£{Xw \mtim·pJambXs{X! {][m\{]XnjvTbmb `KhXn _nw_w FfhÅnbn s]cn§m«pÅ Hcp t£{X¯n {]XnjvTn¨psh¶pw ]mc¼cyhnizmkap­v. 

hmSm\¸ÅnbS¡w ae_mdnepS\ofap­mbncp¶ \¼qXncnCÃ§Ä \mamhtijambXpw Sn¸phnsâ ]Stbm« ¯nemWv. C¶m«nse ]e apÉowIpSp_§-Ä¡pw CçtfmSv _Ôs¸«t]cpIfp­v. a½{kmbnïv, t]m¡m¡nïv, ]pg¦cCïv, s]m¶nïv apXembh B hn`mK¯nÂs]Sp¶p. 

P\kwJy
13.18 N. InsemaoÁÀ hnkvXoÀ®apÅ Cu ]©mb¯n aW¸mSv, sN«n¡mSv, Xr¯ÃqÀ, KtWiawKew, \Sphn¡c, hmSm\¸Ån F¶o {]tZi§fnembn 1991se sk³kkv {]Imcw 7339 hoSpIfnembn 27003 P\§Ä A[nhkn¡p¶p. AXn kv{XoIÄ 1-0952 ]pcpj³amÀ 10240 km£cÀ 21192. ChnSps¯ {][m\ aXhn`mK§Ä lnµp¡fn \mbÀ, CughÀ, ap¡ph³, th«phÀ, ]dbÀ, ]pebÀ, ]Wn¡À, ]mW³, ]Wnb³, IW¡³, Icphm³, I¡pdp¸v, Bimcn, Ipih³, shfpt¯S³, X«m³ XpS§nb Ahm´chn`mK§fp­v.

hcpam\amÀ¤w
aÕy_Ô\w, Irjn, -_oUnsXcp¸v, _oUnhyhkmbww, IÅpsN¯v, DW¡aÕyhym]mcw, NIncnXÃv, IbÀ]ncn, ]mbs\bv¯v, sIm{]bm«v apXembh ap¼v D]Poh\ amÀK§fmbncp¶p. C¶v KÄ^v]Ww s»bvUv I¼\n, I¨hSw, sI«nShmSI apXembhbmWv apJyhcpam\amÀK§Ä. Cu taJebnseÃmw km¼¯nIklmbw sN¿p¶Xn\v I\d_m¦v, tÌÁv_m¦v Hm^v {Smh³IqÀ, tÌÁv_m¦v Hm^v C´y, s^Ud _m¦v, ku¯vC´y³_m¦v, PnÃmklIcW _m¦v, \m«nI^À¡ dqdÂ_m¦v, c­v klIcW _m¦pIÄ Ccp\qtdmfw hcp¶ kzImcy ]WanS]mSv Øm]\§Ä apXembh hmSm\¸Ån ]©mb¯n {]hÀ¯n¨php¶p­v.

Xmgv¶ ka\new
Ad_n¡Sent\¡mÄ Aev]wXmsgbmWv kaXe{]tZiamb hmSm\¸ÅnbpsS InS¸v, ]qgn{][m\amb `qanbn A]qÀÆw NXp¸p {]tZi§fpap­v. Xmgv¶{]tZi§Ä \nI¯nsIm­v ]qgn¡p¶pIsfÃmw CÃmXmbn. Ing¡v It\menI\mensâ Xoc§fn taseIfna®pw Xmsg tNSnbpw ImWs¸Sp¶p. At©m, ]t¯m ASn Xmgv¯nbm FhntSbpw shÅw e`n¡pw. F¶m Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw `mK§fn In«p¶Xv D¸pshÅambncn¡pw apÁs¯ Ipf§sfam{Xw B{ibn¨pIgnªncp¶ t]mb\mfpIfn th\¡me PetkN\w {iaIcamb GÀ¸mSmbncp¶p. Ipf§fn \n¶v IpS§fn shÅsaSp¯v IpSp_mwK§Ä H¯ptNÀ¶v \\ \S¯pIbmWv ]Xnh.v Cu ImcW¯m As¶ms¡ Ing¡³ Zn¡pIfn \n¶v s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡v aW¸pdt¯¡v hnhmlmtemN\ h¶mÂ
c£nXm¡Ä ]dbpambncp¶p. "IpSw]nSn¨v hiwsISm³ Fsâ aIsf ]Snªm«v hnSnÃ'. C¶v B ØnXnsbÃmw CÃmXmbncn¡p¶p. 20þ2þ76þ hmSm\¸Ånbnepw sshZypXnh¶tXmsS ]¼v tamt«mdpIÄ km[mcWbmbn. ]©mb¯v, kwØm\Xe§fn hyXyØ PetkN\ kwhn[m\§fpw ]S¸nembn.

Pek©bw
It\menI\mensâ `mKambn 1,2,9 hmÀUpIfn InS¡p¶ XSmIkam\amb ]Snªmsd ]pgbmWv ]©mb¯nse GÁhpw henb Pek©bw. AXnsâ c­v ssIhgnIÄ ]©mb¯nsâ hSs¡bÁwapX sXs¡bÁwhsc HgpIp¶p­v. It\menI\mepw ]Snªsd]pgbpw HmÀ¡mbensâ imJbpw  D¸pshÅw Ibdp¶Xpaqew Irjn¡vD]bpàaÃ. InWdpIÄ, IpgÂInWdpIÄ, henb A¼eIpf§Ä F¶nhbpw Pek¼¯n s]Sp¶p. ap«pImb tXmSv, apŦctXmSv, ]Ånbmd tXmSv, \Sphn¡cku¯v C³d³kohv I\m XpS§n ]{´t­mfw hcp¶ {][m\tXmSpIÄ Irjnbmhiy§Ä¡mbn kPoIcn¨n«p­v. 

P·nXzw
Ccp]Xmw\qÁm­nsâ Bcw`¯n `q{]`pXz k¼ZvhyhØbmWv hmSm\¸Ånbn \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv. hmSm\¸Ån, Xr¯ÃqÀ tZhkz§fmbncp¶p apJy{Zhy§Ä. Ducmf·mcmWv DSaIfpsS Øm\w ssIImcyw sNbvXncp¶Xv. tZhkz§fÃm¯ thtdbpw P·namcp­mbncp¶p. s]m¡mt©cn, shÅqcv, C¯n¡m«v, If¸pcbnÂ, ]pem¡gn XpS§nb Xdhm«pImcmbncp¶p. AXn {][m\nIÄ, sFIytIcf¯n A[nImc¯nÂh¶ ]ptcmKa\ kÀ¡mcpIfmWv ]Sn]Snbmbn P·nXzw Ahkm\n¸n¨Xv. F¶m a®n ]WnsbSp¡p¶ IÀjI sXmgnemfnIÄ `qclnXcmbnXs¶ XpSÀ¶p. 1970þ \S¸nemb \nbaw aqeamWv AhÀ ]¯pskân\v DSaIfmbX.v

hym]mcw
aW¸pdw taJebn AXnthKw hfÀ¶ph¶ hym]mctI{µamWv hmSm\¸Ån. F¶m I­ÈmwIShnset¸mse sam¯hym]m§fpsS Imcy¯n C¶ps ]nt¶m¡mhØbnenWv. kzÀ®w, XpWn, tÌj\dn cwK¯mWv IqSpX {]kn²nbpÅXv. hym]mcØm]\§fpsS hÀ²\bpw BtKmfh¡cWhpw ImÀjnItaJebpsS XIÀ¨bpw aÁpw hym]mctaJetbbpw hÃmsX XfÀ¯nbn«p­v. 

KXmKXw

"s]cp¼m¼nt\t¸mse \o­pw hfªpw 
hgn¡mÀ¡kuIcysaÃmw XnIªpw
InS¡pw \ncs¯m¶nXm Im¬aq ]ªþ
¸nimNnsâ ]Ån¡nSbv¡pXpeyw'.

1965\p ap¼v hmSm\¸Ånbnse FÃm\nc¯pIfptSbpw AhØbnXmbncp¶p. ssakqÀ kp¯m·mcmb sslZcptSbpw aI³ Sn¸phntâbpw ]Stbm«¡me¯mWv aW¸pdw taJebn GXm\pw \S¸mXIÄ cq]wsIm­Xv. IpÁn¡mSpIÄ \ndª Cu {]tZi¯pIqSn ]SbmfnIfpw ]cnhmc§fpw IS¶pt]mb amÀ¤§Ä \S¸mXIfmbnamdn F¶p ]dbp¶XmIpw icn. ]Snªmsd Sn¸pkp¯m³tdmUv, Ings¡ Sn¸pkp¯m³tdmUv
F¶nh{it²b§fmWv. 1975þ \mjvW sslth 17 Bbncq]m´cs¸« BeþtNÁph tdmUv BZyw ]qgn\ndª
\S¸mXbmbncp¶p. Cu \S¸mX¡ncphihpw XWÂhr£§Ä \«p]nSn¸n¨Xv1102\v ap¼v Ip¯m¼Ån A¸p\¼ymÀ Xmeq¡vt_mÀUv {]knU­mbncn¡pt¼mgmWv. Xfn¡pfw IcpWm«nïv {aªfmbnÂ) ]ctaizc³ CfbXmWv B NpaXe GsÁSp¯v `wKnbmbn \nÀÆln¨X. 1938þ tdmUnsâ Nne`mK§fn NcenSm³ XpS§n. 1940se sImSp¦mÁn\ptijamWv tdmUv s]mXpsh k©mctbmKyam¡nbXv. Ime{Ia¯n tdmUv saÁ sN¿s¸«p. "ChnsS¡mdp am\¯pam{Xw' F¶p ]mSnb IhnbpsS ]cnlmks¯ t\cnSms\t¶mWw aW¸pd¯pw hml\KXmKXw Bcw`n¨p. 1950þ BetNÁphdq«n \¼ymÀ kÀÆoknsâ _ÊpIÄ BZyambn HmSnXpS§n. ]n¶oSv tdmUv SmÀ sN¿s¸«p. tNÁphþtIm«¸pdwþs]m¶m\n ]me§Ä \nÀ½n¡s¸SpIbpw \mjWÂsslth BhpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS hml\KXmKXw hÀ²n¡pIbpw AXv hmSm\¸ÅnbpsS hnIk\¯n\v henb apX¡p«mhpIbpw sNbvXp.

BZyIme¯v It\menI\men IqSn sIm¨n, Be¸pg \Kc§fnte¡v t_m«v kÀÆokp­mbncp¶p. I­ÈmwIShv t_m«vsP«n A¶s¯ _m¡nbmWv. Nc¡phŧfpw kÀÆkm[mcWbmbncp¶p. IcamÀKapÅ hml\ KXmKXw hÀ²n¨tXmsSbmWv PeKXmKX¯nsâ {]kàn \ãs¸«Xv.

BtcmKyw

"shÅw shÅw kÀÆ{X
XpÅnIpSn¸m\nÃs{X'

ISepw ]pgbpw tXmSpIfpw Ipf§fpw kar²nbmbn A\p{Kln¨n«pÅ aW¸pd¯v ip²Pew F¶pw Hcp {]iv\ambncp¶p. IStemc]pgtbmc {]tZi§fn Ipgn¨m D¸pshÅamWv e`n¡pI. IpSnshÅw kw`cn¨ncp¶Xv ho«papÁs¯ sNdnb Ipf§fnembncp¶p. hÀj¡meambm hc¼pIÄ s]m«nsbmen¨v ]d¼pIfnÂ\n¶pw aehnkÀÖ\aS¡apÅ aen\XbpsS Awi§Ä Cu Ipf§fn h¶ptNcpw. ]gbIme§fnepw \m«n ]IÀ¨hym[nIÄ ]SÀ¶p ]nSn¨n«pÅX§s\bmWv. ]cs¡bp­mbncp¶ Zmcn{Zyw ]IÀ¨hym[nIÄ¡v hfambn¯ocpIbpw sNbvXp. aW¸pd¯v Bbnc¯nÂ]cw BfpIfpsS Poh\]lcn¨ BZys¯ tImfd (XteX«n) 1942emWv ]SÀ¶p]nSn¨Xv. As¶ms¡ hmSm\¸Ånbnepw t\cw ]peÀ¶ncp¶Xv acWhmÀ¯IÄ {ihn¨psIm­mbncp¶p. 1953þ 18 t]cpsS acW¯n\nSbm¡nb `£y£mahpw ]«nWnbpw Ignªv 1954þ càmXnkmcw hym]Iambn X·qew ap¶qtdmfw inip¡fmWv aW¸pd¯v acn¨phoWXv. A¡me¯pbÀ¶ apdhnfnbpsS ^eambmWv ip²Pe{]iv\¯ntebv¡v kÀ¡mcnsâ {i²XncnªXv. 1957þ PehnXcW¯n\mbn Ipsd hnâvanÃIÄ Øm]n¡s¸«p. AXnsem¶v hmSm\¸Ån skâdnepap­mbncp¶p. ]©mb¯vhf¸n [mcmfw shÅapÅ InWdnÂ\n¶pw shÅw Sm¦nÂkw`cn¨v IpgÂhgn hmSm\¸Ån\Sbnepw ]cnkc§fnepw A]qÀÆambn GXm\pw hoSpIfnepw hnXcWw sNbvXph¶p. 1976þ hmSm\¸Ånbn sshZypXn e`n¨tXmsS PehnXcW¯n\v tamt«mÀ ]¼v {]hÀ¯n¡m³ XpS§n. aW¸pd¯nsâ a®n acW¯nsâ NndISn iÐapbÀ¯nb c­mas¯ tImfd 1965 emWp­mbXv. A¶v Xfn¡pfw t»m¡n 27 t]À acWasªp. AXn\ptijamWv kpc£nXamb I¡qkpIfpw IpgÂInWdpw aÁpw \nÀ½n¡m³ XpS§nbXv. U¨v Kh¬sa­nsâ km¼¯nI klmbt¯msS \S¸nem¡nb \m«nI ^À¡ ka{K ip²Pe ]²Xnbn IqSnbmWv hmSm\¸ÅntaJebn {][m\ambpw ip²PehnXcWw \S¯p¶Xv. Icph¶qÀ ]pgbnÂ\n¶mWv Pew kw`cn¡p¶Xv. F¶ncp¶mepw apJyIpSnshÅ t{kmXÊv
kzImcyInWdpIfmWv. ]©mb¯n 1350 kzImcyInWdpIfpw 21 s]mXpInWdpIfp­v. IqSmsX Irjn`h³ hgn 53 InWdpIfpw 79 Ipg InWdpIfpap­v. 229 ip²Pe Sm¸pIfp­v.

]gbUnkvs]³kdn
1932þ If¸pcbn tUm: Ip©p®n \mbÀ FÂ. Fw. ]n. hmSm\¸Ånbn kz´w sI«nS¯n Hcp Atem¸Xn Unkvs]³kdn Bcw`n¨p. AXn\v Xmeq¡v t_mÀUn \n¶v AwKoImchpw `mKnIamb klmbklIcWhpw e`n¨p t]m¶p. ]n¶oSv HÃqÀ kztZinbmb tUm: hmcnbÀ B Øm\¯ph¶p. 1936þ tUm: cmLhtat\m³ FÂ. Fw. ]n. Unkvs]³kdnbpsS NpaXe GsäSp¯Xn\ptijw Øm]\w Unkv{SnÎv t_mÀUnsâ Iognembn. 

tUm: cmLhtat\m³ FÂ. Fw. ]n
am\yamb s]cpamÁw sIm­pw hnZKvZamb NnInÕsIm­pw ssI]pWyw t\Snb tUm: cmLhtat\m³ AiWcmb tcmKnIfpsS am{XaÃ, apgph³ P\§fptSbpw kvt\l]m{Xambncp¶p. KXmKX kuIcy§sfm¶p anÃmXncp¶ B Ime¯v At±lw hfsc Zqcw ImÂ\Sbmbn hoSpIfn k©cn¨mWv NnInÕ¡mbn hoSpIfnÂ
F¯nbncp¶Xv. IS¸pd¯pw I­ÈmwIShv, Imcap¡v, Xfn¡pfw, G§­nbqÀ taJebnepw At±lw NnInÕ¡msb¯nbncp¶p. tcmK_m[nX\mbn Ipsd \mÄ a{Zmknepw XrÈqcnepw NnInÕbnembtXmsS Unkvs]³kdnbpsS {]hÀ¯\hpw CÃmXmbn.

1958 tabv 8 \mWv At±lw lrZvtcmKw aqew acWaSªXv. AXn\ptijw Atem¸XncwK¯v NnekzImcy Bip]{XnIÄ Bcw`n¡pIbpw AkvXan¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn {][m\ambXv tUm: ]n. F¨v. sslt{Zmknsâ hI 1975þ XpS§nb im´n\ntIX³ Bip]{Xnbmbncp¶p. Ct¸mÄ IcpW Bip]{Xn, [\y Bip]{Xn, tagvkn Bip]{Xn F¶nh kzImcytaJebn \ne\nev¡p¶p. IqSmsX BbpÀtÆZmip]{Xn, arKmip]{Xn F¶nbpap­v. BbpÀtÆZw, hnjNnInÕ, bp\m\n F¶nh {]tbmKn¨ncp¶ \m«psshZy·mÀ AhnShnsSbp­mbncp¶p. Ct¸mÄ BbpÀtÆZ tlmantbm jm¸pItfmS\p_Ôn¨mWv BbpÀtÆZ tlmantbm sshZy·mÀ NnInÕ \S¯nhcp¶Xv. Ct¸mÄ Hcp BbpÀtÆZ Unkvs]³kdnbpw hmSm\¸nÅnbnep­v.

hnZym`ymkw
hmSm\¸Ån ]©mb¯n A[nhkn¡p¶hcn 90 iXam\t¯mfw A£cm`ymkapÅhcmWv. CuÌv FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ, t_m[m\µhnemkw FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ, ^njdokv bp. ]n. kvIqÄ, BÀ. kn. bp. ]n. kvIqÄ, IS¸pdw FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ, ku¯v am¸nf bp. ]n. kvIqÄ, F¶nh 1930 \v ap¼pXs¶ Øm]n¡s¸«ncp¶p. hmSm\¸Ån sslkv¡qÄ,
Iaems\ldp sat½mdnb lbÀ sk¡­dn kvIqÄ, Xr¯ÃqÀ bp. ]n. kvIqÄ, Fkv. bp. ]n. FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ, IZoPp½ sat½mdnb FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ F¶nh AXn\ptijap­mbXmWv.


CuÌv FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ
Hcp\qÁm­v ap¼v Øm]n¡s¸« CuÌv Fena­dn kvIqÄ (Ct¸mÄ CuÌv FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ) hmSm\¸Ån ]©mb¯nse {]Ya hnZymebamWv. C¯n¡m«v \mbÀ Xdhm«nse Hcp {][m\nbmbncp¶ C«n\mbcpsS aI³ tI]d¼¯v i¦p®n\mbcmWv hnZymebØm]I³, tImgnt¡m«v \n¶pw Ggmw¢mÊv s{Sbv\nwKv Ignªph¶ i¦p®n\mbÀ DtZymKmÀ°w kz´ambn Hcp kvIqÄ XpS§p¶Xv kz´w Awiamb Xfn¡pft¯¡mÄ ]nXmhnsâ Awiamb hmSm\¸ÅnbnembXn\m hnZymÀ°nIsf In«m³ Ffp¸amsW¶ptXm¶n. A§s\ i¦p®n\mbcS¡w aq¶pt]cpsS ssIhiapÅ s]m¿msd ]d¼n Hcp s\Sp¼pcsI«n kvIqÄ Bcw`n¨p. ]n¶oSv Ifna¬ CjvSnI sI«nSam¡n Hmetaªp. Ipsd hÀj§Ä¡ptijw NpaÀIÃpsIm­v \nÀ½n¨v ta¸pc HmSptaªp. H«pw]ptcmKXn IqSmsX CuÌv FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ C¶pw XpSÀ¶phcp¶p. 

{iohnZymt]mjnWnkwLw
IShnÂIpªnam½, kn. F. Ip«³, If¯n _meIrjvW³\mbÀ F¶nhcpsS ]cn{ia^eambn 1945þ hmSm\¸Ånbn "{iohnZymt]mjnWnkwLw' F¶t]cn Hcp kwLS\ cq]oIcn¡pIbp­mbn. C´y³\mjvW tIm¬{KÊnsâ kn²m´§Ä¡v hnt[bambn kmaqlyþkmwkv¡mcnIþhnZym`ymk {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯p¶Xn\v, C´y³ skmsskÁokv BÎv {]ImcamWv AXv cPnÌÀ sN¿s¸«Xv, {]kvXpX kwLS\bpsS B`napJy¯n ]n.Sn. sI. cmaIrjvW³ \S¯nh¶ncp¶ {iohnZymt]mjnWn FÂ. ]n. kvIqÄ ]n¶oSv kwLSbpsS t\cn«pÅ
\nb{´W¯nembn. Cu kwLS\bpsS Iogn {ioaXn imcZ _meIrjvW³ sNbÀam\mbn XpS§nsh¨ Iaems\ldp sat½mdnb sslkv¡qÄ 1955 sk]vXw_À 27\v {ioaXn CµncmKmÔn inemØm]\w \S¯pIbpw 1956 HtÎm_À 30\v tIcf¯nse {]Ya KhÀWÀ tUm: _n. cmaIrjvWdmhp DÂLmS\w \nÀÆln¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu hnZymeb¯nsâ DSamhImiw ]n¶oS ssIamdpIbpw CsXmcp lbÀ sk¡­dn kvIqfmbn ]ptcmKXn {]m]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

sse{_dnIfpw IemkanXnIfpw
{io hnZymt]mjnWn kwL¯nsâ B`napJy¯n {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ tZim`nam\n sse{_dn & doUnw§v dqw ]t­\nÝeambn. tIcf {KÙimem kwLw AwKoIcn¨n«pÅ Poh³ IemthZn & doUnwKv dqw, bq¯veoKv hmb\ime, InZzmbv kvamcI hmb\ime, IrjvtW«³ kvamcI doUnwKvdqw F¶nhbpsS {]hÀ¯\w aµKXnbnemWv.
]©mb¯nepÅ sse{_dnbpw ]©mb¯nsâ Iogn Xr¯ÃqcnepÅ cmapIcym«v kvamcI sse{_dnbpw Gsd¡psd kPohambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p­v. I½}Wnänt]mfnsSIv\n¡v ]²Xn{]Imcw {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶ Xr{]bmÀ {iocmat]mfnsSIv\n¡nsâ D]tI{µw Xr¯ÃqÀ ]n. bp. kvamcI hmb\imebn Imcy£aambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p­v. 

hÀj¯n \qdvt]À¡v CeIvt{SmWnIvkv, CeIv{Sn¡Â ¹w]n§v, KmÀsaâvsabv¡nwKv F¶nhbn ]cnioe\w \ÂIphm\pÅ kuIcyw ChnsSbp­v. \nch[n IemkanXnIfpsS DZbhpw AkvXa\hpw ZÀin¨n«pÅ ]©mb¯mWv hmSm\¸Ån Ct¸mÄ Ccp]tXmfw
IemkanXnIÄ \nehnep­v. IemþkmwkvImcnI cwK§fn XmÂ]cy]qÀÆw {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ Hcp ]gb Xeapd hmSm\¸Ånbnep­mbncp¶p. sslµh t£{X§fnse DÕht¯mS\p_Ôn¨v ZmcnI³ Ifn, ImfIfn, sFhÀIfn \mS³ IeIÄ \S¶p h¶ncp¶p. apÉow P\hn`mK§Ä¡nSbn {]NmcapÅ IeIfmWv Adh\ap«pw tIm¡fnbpw. kmlnXy cwK¯v ]gb Xeapdbn kckIhn sF. A¨pX³ \mbcpw cm¡pbn F¶
XqenIm\ma¯n lmky IhnXIsfgpXnbncp¶ tUm. kn. sI. BÀ. sI. bpw {it²bcmWv. ]pXnb Xeapdbn Imknw hmSm\¸Ån, dlvam³ hmSm\¸Ån, [oc]me³ Nmfn¸m«v F¶nhcpap­v.

ImbnI cwKw 
ap³ Ime§fn Cu {]tZis¯ ImbnI hnt\mZ§fn Xe¸´v, Fdp]´v, Ipäow tImepw, ImdIfn, tKm«nIfn, tIm« NmSÂ, taUmkv, kSpIpSp, Infnamkv, ]pÅnIp¯v, NXpcwKw, ]InSIfn apXembhambncp¶p. ]pXnb Ifnbn thmfnt_mfn\mWv IqSp {]m[m\yw e`n¨Xv, ]n¶oSv ^pSvt_mÄ, _mävanâ¬, j«n tIm¡v,
I_Un, F¶nhbpw Ahkm\w {In?¡äpw {][m\ hnt\mZ§fmbn amdn. AJnte´ym icoc kuµcy aÕc§fn ]s¦Sp¡pIbpw AwKoImcw t\SpIbpw sNbvXn«pÅ sI. Fw. d^oIv hmSm\¸Ån \nhmknbmWv. I_Unbn kwØm\ Xe¯n AwKoImcw t\Snb kwLSbmWv {_tZgvkv ¢ºv. Hcp Ifcn kwLhpw Hcp Pnwt\jyhpw Icms« ]cnioe\ tI{µ§fpw hmSm\¸Ånbnep­v. 

aXw 
hnhn[aX aXhn`mK§fpw PmXnIfpw CSIeÀ¶[nhkn¡p¶ {]tZiamWv hmSm\¸Ån. aX kulmÀ±¯n\pw CSs¡Ãmw aX hntZzj¯n\pw ho­pw aX kulmÀ±¯n\pw {]kn²amb {]tZiamWnXv. 1959, 1980, 1990, 1992 ImeL«§fn D­mb cmjv{SobþhÀ¤ob keL«\§Ä hmSm\¸ÅnbpsS Ncn{X¯n Idp¯ A²ymbw FgpXnt¨À¯ kw`h§fmWv. XnI¨pw tJZIcamb B A\nã kw`h§fpsS ]pdIn cm{ãobhpw hÀ¤obhpw Kp­mbnkhpw aäpw HfnªpInS¡p¶p. 

`KhXnt£{Xw 
hmSm\¸Ånbn Gähpw ]g¡hpw {]m[m\yhpapÅ sslµhmcm[\m tI{µw \Sbn Xs¶ ØnXn sN¿p¶ `KhXn t£{XamWv. `{ZImfnsb {]Xnãn¨n«pÅ Cu ZpÀ¤mtZho t£{Xw F. Un. 1125 \v ap¼v
Øm]nXambXmsW¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. 1976þÂ \S¯nb AãawKey {]iv\¯nepw Cu \nKa\amWp­mbXv. 

t£{X¯nsâ DXv`hs¯¸än hyXyØamb sFXnly§Ä {]Nmc¯nep­v. ]pem¡pgn \mbÀ Xdhm«nse Hcp ImcWhÀ Hcp bm{XIgnªv Xncn¨p hcnIbmbncp¶p; Ings¡ tdmUnepÅ ho«p ]Sn¡se¯nbt¸mÄ aq{Xi¦ tXm¶nbXn\m I¿nencp¶ Hme¡pS ]qgnbn Ip¯n\nÀ¯nb tijw aq{Xsamgn¡m\ncp¶p. aS§nh¶v
IpSsbSp¯t¸mÄ In«p¶nÃ. kwKXnbpsS \nPØnXn bdnbm³ At±lw tPymXnj³amsc hcp¯n {]iv\w sh¨p t\m¡n. Hme¡pSbn ZpÀ¤mtZhn Bthin¨ncn¡p¶Xmbn shfns¸Sp¯s¸«p. DSs\ AhnsS Hcp sNdnb A¼ew \nÀ½n¨v `KhXn {]XnjvT \S¯n. ]n¶oSv {]iv\him Xs¶ \Sbnse hnimeamb hf¸nte¡v t£{Xhpw {]XnjvTbpw amän Øm]n¨p.

asämsscXnlyapÅXv C{]ImcamWv. sNdp]d¼¯v I­³ IbvaÄ F¶ ImcWhÀ aqImw_nI t£{X¯n kµÀ\w \S¯nb tijw AhnsS\n¶pw Hcp {]Xnabn tZhnsb Bhmln¨v IS amÀ¤w Xncn¨pt]m¶p. hmSm\¸Ån IS¸pds¯¯n ]cnhmc§sf Im¯ncn¡p¶Xn\nSbn tZho t]SIw XncsbSp¯p sIm­pt]mbn. 
ZpxJnX\mbn Gsd t\cw {]mÀ°\bn apgpInb IbvaÄ¡v XncbSn¨pXs¶ t]SIw Xncn¨p In«n. t]SI¯nep­mbncp¶ tZhohn{Klw hmSm\¸Ån \Sphn¡cbn Nnä¦pf¯n\p kao]w ]Ånbm\ XdhmSnt\mSv tNÀ¶v \nÀ½n¨ t£{X¯n {]XnjvTn¨p. ]Ånbm\ XdhmSpw shÅqcv XdhmSpw thÀ]ncnªt¸mÄ tZhohn{Klw BZyw shÅqcv XdhmSnt\mSv tNÀ¶pw ]n¶oSv ]pem¡pgn Xdhm«papäs¯ A¼e¸pcbnepw {]XnjvTn¨Xmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶p. AXn\ptijamWv \¼qXncn Beb§Ä ØnXnsNbvXncp¶ \Sbnse Ct¸mgs¯ A¼e¸d¼nte¡v hn{Klw sIm­ph¶v Ønc{]XnjvT \S¯n¯nbsX¶v A\pam\n¡p¶p. 1980 se AãawKey{]iv\¯n CsXÃmw shfns¸«Xmbn aªnbn lcnZmk³ IbvaÄ AhImis¸SpIbp­mbn. t£{X¯n\pNpäpw c­p\ne sI«nS§Ä
]Wnbm³ ]mSnsömWv {]iv\NmÀ¯nse hn[n.

Xr¯ÃqÀ inht£{Xw
Xr¯ÃqÀ inht£{Xhpw ]pcmX\{]kn²amWv. [mcmfw sFXnly§fpw t£{Xs¯ Npän¸änbp­v. Imem´c¯n A[x]Xn¨pt]mb Cu t£{Xw \m«pImcpsS klmbt¯msS ASp¯Ime¯mWv ]p\xcp²cn¨Xv. ]p¯nïv imkvXmhv, i¦cawKew i¦c\mcmbW³, N¡maT¯n kp{_aWy³, ta{]§m«v Nm¯³, C¯n¡m«v Imfn F¶n§s\ hyXyØ {]XnjvTIfn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xpw s]mXptaJebnepw kzImcy taJebnepw ØnXnsN¿p¶amb \nch[n t£{X§Ä Ct¸mÄ hmSm\¸Ånbnep­v.

aqÉow ]ÅnIÄ 
hmSm\¸Ånbn 5 PpamA¯v ]ÅnIfpw 12 \akvImc ]ÅnIfpap­v. \akvImc ]ÅnIfn A[nIhpw kzImcyhyànIfpsS hIbmWv. Gäpw ]g¡apÅ sXs¡ PpamA¯v]Ån ]Wn sNbvXXv Dt±iw F. Un. 1775\v ap¼msW¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. hmSm\¸Ån tZhkzw kuP\yambn hn«psImSp¯ `qanbn A¶v ]ÅnbpsS inemØm]\w \S¯nbXv shfnbt¦mSv kztZinbpw {]kn² aX]ÞnX\pambncp¶ DaÀ JmknbmWv. hSs¡ PpamA¯v]Ån ]WnXXv Dt±iw 1825\v ap¼msW¶v A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.1975þ Cu ]Ån ]pXn¡n¸Wnbp¶Xn\mbn XdtImcnbt¸mÄ ]gb I_dpIfpsS Ahinã§Ä ImWs¸«p. ]Wn¡mÀ a®pam´p¶Xn\nSbn Hcp I_dnsâ Im¡ sh¨ncp¶ IÃv adnªphoWp. At¸mÄ Hcp a\pJ\jysâ Zln¡m¯ ]mZ§fmWv ZrãnbnÂs¸«Xv. 
]cn{`m´cmb ]Wn¡mÀ hnhcw ]Ån `mchmlnIsf Adnbn¨p. AhÀ ]cntim[n¨t¸mÄ kwKXn icnamsW¶v t_m[ys¸«p. AhÀ DSs\ A²ymßnI]ÞnXsc hcp¯n A`n{]mbamcmª tijw I_À s]mfn¡msX hoWIÃv XÂØm\¯psh¨v `{Zambn aqSn. hnhcadnªv `àP\§Ä t\À¨¡mgvNIfpambn hcm³ XpS§nsb¦nepw ]Ån
`mchmlnIÄ B {iaw \ncpÕmls¸Sp¯n.

hmSm\¸Ån skâdn 80 ASn Dbc¯n XebpbÀ¯n \n¡p¶ skâÀ PpamakvPnZv apÉow kapZmb¯nsâ D¶X ØnXnsb ØncoIcn¡p¶ kvamcI kvXw`hpw IqSnbmWv. ]Ån\n¡p¶ 2 skâv Øew 1948þ kw`mh\ sNbvXXv {km¼ntb¡Â tImbʳ am¸nfbmWv.

It¯men¡m tZhmebw
atlmZb]pc¯nsâ imJm\Kc§fnsem¶mb "tIboIpf§c' Hcp IrkvXy³ kt¦Xambncp¶p. hmSm\¸Ån Ings¡ Sn¸pkp¯m³ tdmUn It¯men¡m tZhmebw ØnXnsN¿p¶ Øe¯p \n¶pw Dt±iw H¶c ^Àtem§v amdn C¶pw ImWs¸Sp¶ ‘tIboæfw’ B t]cns\ A\zÀ°am¡p¶Xmbn A\pam\n¡p¶p. Hcp Ime¯v sIm¨nbptSbpw kma´³amcptSbpw Iognembncp¶ tNäphm aW¸pdw GXm­v 1673þ tIngnt¡mSv kmaqXncnbpsS A[o\¯nembn. At¶cw sIm¨n cmPmhnsâ IqdpImcmbncp¶ Gsd {InkvXy³ æSpx_§Ä
I­ÈmwIShnte¡v IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯p. B æSntbäw A\pkyqXw XpSÀ¶Xn\m hmSm\¸Ånbn {InkvXym\nIÄ hfsc hncfambnXoÀ¶p. ChnSps¯ ss{IkvXh hnizmk¯n\v \qäm­pIfpsS ]g¡améÅXv. F. Un. 500 G\mam¡Â skâvtacokv NÀ¨v Øm]nç¶Xnëap¼v hmSm\¸Ånbnse {InkvXym\nIÄ ]pgbpw tXmSpIfpw Xm­n ]mebqÀ ]Ånbnte¡mWv hnip² æÀºm\ ImWm³ t]mbncp¶Xt{X.

1809þ I­ÈmwIShv ]Ån Øm]nXambtXmsS hmSm\¸Ånbnse {InkvXym\nIÄ B CShI¡mcmbn XoÀì. 82 hÀj§Äç tijw XrÈqÀ cq]X saUent¡m«v sa{Xmsâ `cWIme¯v, I­ÈmwIShv ]ÅnbpsS Iogn hmSm\¸Ånbn Hcp Ipcnip]Ån Øm]nç¶Xn\v {iaamw`n¨p. AXnëth­n 3 G¡À 6 skâv `qan Adp]Xv cq] hne\nÝbn¨v Xr{]bmÀ k_v dPnkv{Smdm¸okn 1069 taSw 27\v (1894 tabv 7) Xodv \S¯n. 1895þ hn. {^m³kokv tkhnbdnsâ \mat[b¯n ]\¼psIm­v ad¨Xpw HmetaªXpamb Hcp æcnip]Ån \nÀ½n¨p. 1896 P\phcn 27\v AhnsS Znhy_en AÀ¸n¨p. B hÀjw s^{_phcn apX RmbdmgvNIfnepw ISapÅ Znhk§fnepw
XncpIÀ½§Ä A\phZnís¸«p. 1898 HtÎm_À 24\v æcnip]Ån CShI]Ånbmbn DbÀ¯n. F¶m `cWImcy§Ä I­ÈmwIShnÂ\n¶p Xs¶bmWv \nÀÆln¨p t]m¶Xv. AXn\nSbn Hmetaª Ipcnip]Ån æsdIqSn hn]peoIcn¨p. 1907þ IÃpsIm­v kmam\yw henb]Ån \nÀ½n¨p. 1911þ ]ÅnbpsS apJhmcw \S¸pc
F¶nh s]mfn¨v tamSnIq«n. 1939 G{]nÂamk¯n ]Åníp kao]w hn. At´mWoknsâ It¸f \nÀ½n¨p. C¶pImWp¶ henb ]ÅnbpsS BioÀÆmZ IÀ½w 1970 G{]n 14\v _nj¸v tPmÀPv Be¸m«v \nÀÆln¨p. 1985þ Xfn¡pf¯v Ipcnip]Ån Øm]n¨p. 1977þ hmSm\¸Ån \Sbn It¸f \nÀ½n¨p. hmSm\¸Ån CShIbnÂ
Ct¸mÄ 237 IpSpx_§fpw 1285 AwK§fpap­v.

hmSm\¸Ån _o¨v 
tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI XeØm\amb XrÈqÀ \Kcw kµÀin¡p¶hÀ¡v kap{Zkmao]yw kn²n¡mdnÃ. IS Xoct¯¡v tdmUpw XrÈqcnÂ\n¶v A]qÀÆw _Êv kÀÆokpaps­¦nepw AsXm¶pw SqdnkväpIÄ¡v D]Imc{]Zambn«nÃ. \Kc¯n\v Gähpw ASp¯ _o¨v hmSm\¸ÅnbmWv. _o¨v kwhn[m\¯n\pth­n Sqdnkväv
{]tamj³ Iu¬kn ap³Is¿Sp¯v æd¨p Øew (Hcp G¡À) aXn sI«n amänbn«ps­¦nepw AsXm¶pw t]mc. æpdªXv ]¯v G¡À Øesa¦nepw \o¡nsh¨v kwhn[m\taÀs¸Sp¯Ww. k©mcnIÄ¡v Ipfn¨p Xmakn¡m³ DXIp¶hn[w hn{ia kt¦X§sfmcp¡Ww. ]mÀ¡v, ^njv AtIzdnbw apXembh kÖoIcn¡Ww. Spdnkväv
hIp¸pw XrÈqÀ \Kck`bpw hmSm\¸Ån ]©mb¯pw H¯ptNÀ¶v ]cn{ian¨m _¨v bmYmÀ°yam¡mw. A§ns\ kw`hn¨m \mSn\pw \m«mÀ¡pw henb t\«ambn. XrÈqcns\mcp _o¨mbn. hmSm\¸Ån ]©mb¯n\v \sÃmcp hcpam\ amÀ¤hpambn. 

Sunset at Vatanappally Beach